Water Supply in High Rise Building
Domestic Water Supply & Plumbing Installation In High Rise Building
Roof Top Tank
uCreated more than a century ago
uEnsure adequate water pressure in buildings
uThe alternative to roof tanks is the use of pressurised systems, where a number of booster pumps provide the necessary pressure.
uRequired water pressure for both fire-fighting and domestic use increased and mains water was insufficient to supply a whole building.
uReliable and efficient pumps for pressurised systems were not available.
uThe immediate solution was to use standard pumps to lift the water to the tank. From the tank, gravity ensured a natural downwards flow and sufficient pressure.
Disadvantage
üHigher capital costs due to the tank set-up and greater structural requirements
üHigh operating costs
üLack of pressure control
üDifficulty in maintaining the roof tank
üBecome the habitat of micro-organisms
Advantages
-Only one riser needed (simple design)
-No space required on upper floors
Disadvantages
-Excess pressure on lower floors in buildings exceed ten floors (PRVs and high pressure graded pipes needed)
Roof tank solutions
Roof tank solutions were originally created more than a century ago, as building grew taller and taller. The required water pressure for both fire-fighting and domestic use increased and mains water was insufficient to supply a whole building. Moreover, reliable and efficient pumps for pressurised systems were no available. The immediate solution was to use standard pumps yo lift the water to the tank.From the tank, gravity ensured a natural downwards flow and sufficient pressure. Despite improved and energy-efficient pressure booster technology, many buildings still have roof tanks.
Coupling
Pillar Tap
Pneumatic Tank System
The aim of the project is pneumatic operated water pumping system. Air compresses is used to compress air from a low inlet pressure (usually atmospheric) to a higher pressure level to allow water flow up to a higher floor. This system worked well if properly maintained. Due to high precision work involved in producing pneumatic water pump besides higher cost these pumps are not widely manufactured by most of the industries.
Advantages
üHigher pressure
üQuite running and smooth operation
üHigher efficiency
üLess maintenance
Disadvantages
üCostlier than the other types of pump because of compressor unit.
The two basic configurations for most water distribution systems are the
branch and grid/loop (see Figure). A branch system is similar to that
of a tree branch, in which smaller pipes branch off larger pipes
throughout the service area, such that the water can take only one
pathway from the source to the consumer. This type of system is most
frequently used in rural areas. A grid/looped system, which consists of
connected pipe loops throughout the area to be served, is the most
widely used configuration in large municipal areas. In this type of
system there are several pathways that the water can follow from the
source to the consumer. Looped systems provide a high degree of
reliability should a line break occur because the break can be isolated
with little impact on consumers outside the immediate area. Also, by
keeping water moving looping reduces some of the problems associated
with water stagnation, such as adverse reactions with the pipe walls,
and it increases fire-fighting capability. However, loops can be
dead-ends, especially in suburban areas like cul-de-sacs, and have
associated water quality problems. Most systems are a combination of
both looped and branched portions.
Single Booster System
The simplest way to achieve equal tap water pressure on all floors is by producing excessive pressure and then removing it again
Having just one booster set delivering water to the whole building leads to significant pressure differences in the system.The boosting station in the basement has the pumps power to overcome the pressure head loos of a system that reaches all the way to the top floor. But this also requires pressure relief valves to be installed in order to remove excessive pressure. In other words, not only do you need to invest in additional components, you're also removing the pressure you just spent energy on producing.
Having just one booster set delivering water to the whole building leads to significant pressure differences in the system.The boosting station in the basement has the pumps power to overcome the pressure head loos of a system that reaches all the way to the top floor. But this also requires pressure relief valves to be installed in order to remove excessive pressure. In other words, not only do you need to invest in additional components, you're also removing the pressure you just spent energy on producing.
A single booster system is perhaps the simplest booster system available. It relies on a single set of pumps supplying pressure boosting from the basement to the point farthest away from the booster system. Basically, such systems may be configured with or without initial break tanks.
Advantages
-Only one riser needed (simple design)
-No space required on upper floors
Disadvantages
-Excess pressure on lower floors in buildings exceed ten floors (PRVs and high pressure graded pipes needed)
Zone-Divided System
The intelligent way to boost water is to produce the pressure needed at each floor-no more, no less
By dividing a tall building into booster zones, you can define the flow and pressure needed at each zone.Sizing each booster to meet your exact demands in then an easy calculation in Grundfos Product Center. With each booster now pumping at the exact speed required, the effect on energy consumption is clear : there is no more energy waste from reducing overpressure and the pumps perform for the load profile of each zone. Our booster sets intelligently adapt to demand, eliminating the need for pressure relief valves - all while ensuring reliable and efficient operation at all times.
Advantages
-Manageable pressure zones
-Increased flexibility and security due to zoning
-No space required on upper floors
-Low-cost operation due to no residual pressure
Disadvantages
-Higher initial cost than single-zone systems
-Higher static pressure in upper zone (high-presssure graded pipes)
Roof Tank With Terrace Booster System
The use of roof tanks to ensure adequate water pressure in building and especially tall building is very common. The alternative to roof tanks is the use of pressurised systems, where a number of booster pumps provide the necessary pressure.
Roof tank solutions
Roof tank solutions were originally created more than a century ago, as building grew taller and taller. The required water pressure for both fire-fighting and domestic use increased and mains water was insufficient to supply a whole building. Moreover, reliable and efficient pumps for pressurised systems were no available. The immediate solution was to use standard pumps yo lift the water to the tank.From the tank, gravity ensured a natural downwards flow and sufficient pressure. Despite improved and energy-efficient pressure booster technology, many buildings still have roof tanks.
Series-connected system with intermediate break
Series-connected systems with intermediate break tanks draw on several other systems, utilizing centrally-placed break tanks to supply both the taps, the tank’s own boosting zone and all the zones above it. With this system, a building is divided into smaller and more manageable pressure zones. Every zone is then served by its own booster set.
Advantages
- Low pressure in each zone (no PRVs and less pressure-graded pipes needed)
- Manageable pressure zones
- Easy to size because each zone has its own supply tank
Disadvantages
- Higher initial cost than single-zone systems
- Space required for booster sets and tank on service floors
- Risk of Microbiological growth in tanks
Series-connected system without intermediate break
A series-connected system operates on the same principles as the previously mentioned system, but without the intermediate break tanks. This enables an effective usage of power as the water is only pumped to the part of the zone where it is used and not past it. However, complete control is very important. When a consumer draws water on the upper floors, the booster systems must be able to deliver the water from the bottom of the building.
Advantages
- Low pressure in each zone (no PRVs and less pressure-graded pipes needed)
- Manageable pressure zones
- No space required for tanks
- Less excess boosting (low operation costs)
Disadvantages
- Higher initial cost than single-zone systems
- Space required for booster sets and tank on service floors
- Complex control
Valves and Fittings
Valves
A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of water by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways.With valves, the caring of water to equipment and appliances has to be capable of being shut off so that pipework and appliances can be repaired and maintained. There are several types of valves, but in this chapter only focus on 4 types of valves.
Stop valve
lUsed in plumbing applications to shut off flow of hot or cold water to a plumbing fixture, such as a faucet,toilet, dishwasher and similar.
lUsed to control water at high pressure.
lAllow to perform routine maintenance such as filter change and drain cleaning, as well as to replace the entire fixture or appliance or make minor repairs such as changing gaskets or water supply connectors.
Gate valve
nOpens by lifting a round or rectangular gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid
nUsed when minimum pressure loss and a free bore is needed
nOften used when a straight-line flow of fluid and minimum restriction is desired
Float/Ball valve
uAutomatic flow control devices fitted to cisterns to maintain an appropriate volume of water.
Scour valve
vScour valves are located at low points or between valved sections of the pipeline
vAllow periodic flushing of the lines to remove sediment and to allow the line to be drained for maintenance and repair work
Fitting
A fitting is used in pipe system to connect straight pipe or tubing sections, adapt to different sizes or shapes and for other purposes such as regulating (or measuring) fluid flow. Fittings especially the uncommon types require money, time, materials and tools to install and are an important part of piping and plumbing systems.
Elbow
²Elbows are industrial fittings that change the direction of piping
²Allow a regular threaded pipe to turn corner or fit in limited space without the expense of buying a pipe bender.
²Type:45,90 and 22.5 degree elbow
Coupling
uA very short length of pipe or tube with a socket at one or both ends that allowa two pipes to be joined together
uConnect the pipes of same diameter
uUseful if the pipe is broken or leakage occurs
Union
ØSmaller to a coupling
ØFunctions as similar to coupling.But coupling cannot be removed after fixing but in this case we can remove the union whenever we needed
ØAllows the convenient future disconnection of pipes for maintenance of fixture replacement
ØConsists of three parts: a nut, a female end and an male end
Reducer
vReduces the flow size from larger to smaller by reducing size of pipe
vAllows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the system or adapt to existing piping of a different size
Tee
nUsed to combine or divide fluid flow
nCan connect pipes of different diameters or change the direction of a pipe run
nMay in equal or unequal size
Pillar Tap
lA tap with a vertical inlet pipe and free outlet
lSupply water to basin, bath, bidets and sink
Bib Tap
nUsed for wall fixing, normally about 150mm above a sanitary appliance.
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